Local Authorities make decisions that can affect housing, homelessness, social care, safeguarding, education, council tax, planning, public health, environmental services, and many other areas of daily life.

Most council decisions and services operate appropriately, but sometimes problems occur.

Examples may include:

• Delays
• Poor communication
• Failure to follow procedures
• Incorrect information
• Lost documents
• Failure to consider evidence
• Service failures
• Unfair treatment
• Maladministration

Understanding how to complain and escalate concerns can help ensure problems are properly investigated and resolved.

At Right First Time UK, we believe accountability is essential. Public authorities should be open to scrutiny, willing to investigate mistakes, and committed to improving services where failures occur.

Before Making A Complaint

Before submitting a complaint:

✓ Gather relevant evidence.

✓ Keep copies of correspondence.

✓ Create a timeline of events.

✓ Record names, dates and departments.

✓ Identify the outcome you are seeking.

✓ Remain factual and professional.

Many complaints are resolved more quickly when concerns are clearly explained and supported by evidence.

Council Complaints Guide

Most councils operate a formal complaints process.

While procedures vary between authorities, many follow a staged approach.

Stage 1 Complaint

Initial Complaint Investigation

This is normally the first formal stage.

You should:

• Clearly explain your concerns.
• State what happened.
• Identify any errors or failures.
• Provide supporting evidence.
• Explain the outcome you seek.

Examples Of Issues

• Poor service.
• Delays.
• Lack of communication.
• Failure to return calls.
• Incorrect records.
• Administrative errors.
• Failure to follow procedures.

Evidence To Include

Examples may include:

• Emails
• Letters
• Assessment reports
• Housing records
• Social care documents
• Photographs
• Complaint records

Good Practice

Request:

• A written response.
• Reasons for decisions.
• Details of any actions taken.

Keep copies of everything submitted.

Stage 2 Complaint

Escalation Review

If you remain dissatisfied after Stage 1, most councils allow complaints to be escalated.

A Stage 2 review is often considered by:

• A senior officer.
• A complaints manager.
• An independent reviewer in some services.

What To Include

Explain:

• Why the Stage 1 response is unsatisfactory.
• What concerns remain unresolved.
• Any additional evidence available.

Common Issues Raised

• Evidence not considered.
• Inadequate investigation.
• Incorrect conclusions.
• Continuing service failures.
• Ongoing delays.

Final Internal Review

Some council complaint systems include a further review stage.

This may involve:

• Senior management review.
• Specialist complaint teams.
• Service directors.

Not all councils use identical procedures.

Always check the council's published complaints policy.

What Is Maladministration?

Maladministration is a term commonly used by Ombudsman services.

Examples may include:

• Failure to follow procedures.
• Unreasonable delays.
• Poor record keeping.
• Failure to investigate properly.
• Poor communication.
• Failure to consider evidence.
• Incorrect application of policy.
• Administrative errors.

Maladministration does not automatically mean misconduct, but it may indicate poor 

administration or service failure.

Local Government & Social Care Ombudsman (LGSCO)

Independent Investigation

The Local Government & Social Care Ombudsman investigates complaints about councils and certain local public services.

The Ombudsman is independent of councils.

When Can You Complain?

Normally:

✓ The council's complaints procedure must be completed first.

✓ The complaint should be brought within the Ombudsman's time limits.

What The Ombudsman Investigates

The Ombudsman may investigate:

Delays

Unreasonable delays affecting services or decisions.

Poor Communication

Failure to communicate properly.

Failure To Follow Procedures

Ignoring policies, procedures or legal requirements.

Maladministration

Poor administration causing injustice.

Service Failures

Failure to provide services appropriately.

Failure To Consider Relevant Information

Evidence or information not properly considered.

Record Keeping Failures

Inaccurate or incomplete records.

What The Ombudsman Usually Cannot Do

The Ombudsman generally cannot:

• Overturn court decisions.
• Act as a further appeal body.
• Investigate matters outside jurisdiction.
• Investigate complaints not first raised with the council.

Possible Ombudsman Outcomes

The Ombudsman may recommend:

• Apologies.
• Reconsideration of decisions.
• Service improvements.
• Financial remedies.
• Staff training.
• Policy changes.

Escalating Serious Concerns

Sometimes concerns go beyond standard service complaints.

Additional escalation routes may be available.

Contacting Your Councillor

Councillors are elected representatives who may help residents raise concerns.

Councillors may:

• Contact departments.
• Request updates.
• Highlight delays.
• Escalate concerns internally.

Councillors do not usually overturn decisions but can help ensure concerns receive attention.

Find your council:

Find Your Local Council

Contacting Your MP

Members of Parliament (MPs) may assist constituents experiencing difficulties with public bodies.

MPs may:

• Raise concerns with councils.
• Contact government departments.
• Request explanations.
• Support constituents experiencing serious service failures.

Find your MP:

Find Your MP

Judicial Review Overview

What Is Judicial Review?

Judicial Review is a legal process where a court considers whether a public body acted lawfully.

The court does not normally decide whether the decision was right or wrong.

Instead, it considers whether the council:

• Acted lawfully.
• Followed proper procedures.
• Considered relevant evidence.
• Acted fairly.
• Remained within its legal powers.

Examples

Potential concerns may include:

• Unlawful decisions.
• Procedural unfairness.
• Failure to consider evidence.
• Irrational decision-making.
• Exceeding legal powers.

Important Warning

Judicial Review has strict time limits.

Independent legal advice should be obtained immediately if Judicial Review is being considered.

Regulatory Bodies

Depending on the issue, concerns may also be raised with relevant regulators.

Information Commissioner's Office (ICO)

For:

• Data protection concerns.
• Subject Access Requests.
• Information rights.

Information Commissioner's Office (ICO)

Local Government & Social Care Ombudsman

For council complaints.

Local Government & Social Care Ombudsman (LGSCO)

Care Quality Commission (CQC)

For regulated health and adult social care services.

Care Quality Commission (CQC)

Ofsted

For education and children's services inspections.

Ofsted

Advanced Claimant Protection

When making complaints:

Keep Everything

Maintain copies of all correspondence.

Create A Timeline

Record events, contacts, decisions and responses.

Request Decisions In Writing

Written records provide accountability.

Challenge Inaccuracies Promptly

Incorrect information should not remain unchallenged.

Keep Evidence Organised

Store documents securely and logically.

Escalate Where Necessary

Do not be afraid to use review, Ombudsman or legal routes where appropriate.

Evidence Standards Handbook

Strong complaints are often supported by:

✓ Emails

✓ Letters

✓ Reports

✓ Assessments

✓ Photographs

✓ Meeting notes

✓ Call logs

✓ Witness information

✓ Policies and procedures

✓ Decision letters

Good evidence can significantly strengthen a complaint.

Useful Resources

Local Government & Social Care Ombudsman:

Local Government & Social Care Ombudsman (LGSCO)

Information Commissioner's Office:

Information Commissioner's Office (ICO)

Find Your Local Council:

Find Your Local Council

Find Your MP:

Find Your MP

Citizens Advice:

Citizens Advice

Complaints & Escalation Checklist

✓ Raise concerns promptly.

✓ Keep copies of correspondence.

✓ Follow the council complaints process.

✓ Submit supporting evidence.

✓ Request written responses.

✓ Escalate unresolved concerns.

✓ Contact councillors where appropriate.

✓ Contact your MP for serious concerns.

✓ Use Ombudsman services when eligible.

✓ Seek legal advice where Judicial Review may apply.

Key Message

Complaints are an important part of accountability in public services. Councils should be willing to investigate concerns, explain decisions, correct mistakes, and improve services where failures occur. Understanding complaint procedures, maintaining strong evidence, and using appropriate escalation routes can help ensure concerns are taken seriously and public authorities remain accountable to the communities they serve.

At Right First Time UK, we believe transparency, fairness, evidence-based decision-making, and accountability are essential foundations of good local government.